The speci fi c surface area of calcined powders was estimated by BET method through Micromeritics (ASAP 2020) Accelerated Surface Area and Porosimetry System using adsorption – desorption isotherms of nitrogen. Prior to BET analysis, the powders were degassed under vacuum for 6 h at 300 1 C. Dilatometry of the sample was performed in air using a dilatometer DIL 402 PC (NETZSCH, UK) from room temperature to 1000 1 C. AC impedance spectroscopy technique is well suited for the measurement of electrical conductivities of solid electrolyte materials. Platinum paint was used for electrodes on both sides of the sintered LSGM pellets for the conductivity measurement. Pt-coated pellet was fi red/ baked at 900 1 C to obtain good adhesion between electrolyte and electrodes. The impedance data were recorded with the help of Novocontrol impedance analyser. Measurement was carried out in dry air in the temperature range 400 – 800 1 C and in the frequency range 10 À 2 – 10 7 Hz. The development of LSGM phase was studied by recording the XRD patterns of the system calcined at various temperatures. The phase evolution of LSGM is shown in the XRD patterns of Fig. The sample, heated at 1100 1 C (for 12 h), contains small amounts of impurity phases like LaSrGa 3 O 7, LaSrGaO 4 and La 4 Ga 2 O 9 along with the main LSGM phase. Secondary phases LaSrGa 3 O 7 (ICDD 45-0637), LaSrGaO 4 (ICDD 80-1806) and La 4 Ga 2 O 9 (ICDD 53-1108) became more apparent in the sample calcined at 1200 1 C (6 h). The Red Zebra African Cichlid, Metriaclima estherae, is known by a plethora of other names, often based on color. The Red Zebra, although appearing more of a yellow color, is often a brilliant red in the wild. It does not have notable stripes like other varieties of this genus and species. Metriaclima estherae is a Mbuna Cichlid, and is also called the Zebra Cichlid, Tilapia Zebra, and the False Zebra Mbuna.Ī bully by nature, without plenty of room, pyramids, rocks and crevasses to establish territory, Red Zebra will torment other tank mates. Most members of the mouth brooding variety of African Cichlids are easily bred while in the aquarium if given the proper tank set-up and excellent water conditions. Matriarchal in family structure, the female first lays up to 60 eggs, which she then scoops into her mouth where they are fertilized. The fry remain in the female’s mouth for 12 to 18 days before being released. A small group of 5 to 7 females and one male provide the best opportunity for breeding. Most captive bred specimens available in the hobby were originally line bred for specific color traits in Florida fish farms. This resulted in orange males and a variety of other unusual color patterns. Omnivorous, the Red Zebra will enjoy all manner of flaked foods, live foods, algae, lettuce, spinach, and duckweed in its diet.Recently, I received a letter from an aquarist who was puzzled because two of her cichlids were thought to be different species but somehow managed to spawn together. Quite frequently, we would find similar questions in the community: “What is the proper name for these fish?”, “Are they rare species?” and “Can I sell them to get rich?.” She wanted to know if this was common and what she should do to care for the offspring. Virtually all these issues can be traced to Hybrid, which refers to the offspring from mating two genetically different species, often called “crossing” two species. In the case of cichlids, hybrids are very rare in the wild but are quite readily in an aquarium. I can’t find enough data to support the claim but from my personal observation and years of reading and hearing from cichlids-related books and meetings.Ī hybrid is most common in SA & CA cichlid tanks since almost any CA cichlids can hybridize with any other. A typical example is the convict cichlids – we often call them the rabbits of the fish world.įor a Malawi aquarium, many mbunas have the reputation of cross breeding. I heard some substrate spawners even can hybridize with a mouthbrooding species. So, hybridization in aquariums of Lake Malawi Cichlids is not rare. The OB Peacock Cichlid is a hybrid that was initially created (deliberately or accidentally) by crossing an OB female mbuna (rock dweller) and a male Aulonocara species. The term “OB” initially stands for “orange blotch” and referred to a natural random mutation of the scattered dark hyperpigmentation present on an orange base, resulting in varying black “blotches”. Nowadays, the “OB” is usually used to describe all “blotched” fish.Īccording to the research conducted by UMD, the ‘orange blotch’ morph or phenotype primarily shows up in females in nature, and males are quite rare.
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